Dengue virus: A global human threat: Symptoms Causes Prevention and Treatment
"Causes
Dengue fever is caused by any one of four types of dengue viruses. You can't get dengue fever from being around an infected person. Instead, dengue fever is spread through mosquito bites.
The two types of mosquitoes that most often spread the dengue viruses are common both in and around human lodgings. When a mosquito bites a person infected with a dengue virus, the virus enters the mosquito.
Then, when the infected mosquito bites another person, the virus enters that person's bloodstream and causes an infection.
After you've recovered from dengue fever, you have long-term immunity to the type of virus that infected you — but not to the other three dengue fever virus types.
This means you can be infected again in the future by one of the other three virus types. Your risk of developing severe dengue fever increases.
Risk factors
You have a greater risk of developing dengue fever or a more severe form of the disease if:
You live or travel in tropical areas. Being in tropical and subtropical areas increases your risk of exposure to the virus that causes dengue fever. Especially high-risk areas include Southeast Asia, the western Pacific islands, Latin America and Africa.
You have had dengue fever in the past. Previous infection with a dengue fever virus increases your risk of severe symptoms if you get dengue fever again.
Complications
Severe dengue fever can cause internal bleeding and organ damage. Blood pressure can drop to dangerous levels, causing shock. In some cases, severe dengue fever can lead to death.
Women who get dengue fever during pregnancy may be able to spread the virus to the baby during childbirth. Additionally, babies of women who get dengue fever during pregnancy have a higher risk of pre-term birth, low birth weight or fetal distress.
Prevention
Vaccine
In areas of the world where dengue fever is common, one dengue fever vaccine is approved for people ages 9 to 45 who have already had dengue fever at least once.
The vaccine is given in three doses over the course of 12 months.
The vaccine is approved only for people who have a documented history of dengue fever or who have had a blood test that shows previous infection with one of the dengue viruses.
In people who have not had dengue fever in reports, the vaccine appears to increase the risk of severe dengue fever and hospitalization due to dengue fever in
The World Health Organization stresses that the vaccine is not an effective tool on its own to reduce dengue fever in areas where the illness is common.
Preventing mosquito bites and controlling the mosquito population are still the main methods for preventing the spread of dengue fever.
If you live in or travel to an area where dengue fever is common, these tips may help reduce your risk of mosquito bites:
Stay in air-conditioned or well-screened housing. The mosquitoes that carry the dengue viruses are most active from dawn to dusk, but they can also bite at night.
Wear protective clothing. When you go into mosquito-infested areas, wear a long-sleeved shirt, long pants, socks and shoes.
Use mosquito repellent. Permethrin can be applied to your clothing, shoes, camping gear and bed netting. You can also buy clothing made with permethrin already in it. For your skin, use a repellent containing at least a 10% concentration of DEET.
Reduce mosquito habitat. The mosquitoes that carry the dengue virus typically live in and around houses, breeding in standing water that can collect in such things as used automobile tires.
You can help lower mosquito populations by eliminating habitats where they lay their eggs. At least once a week, empty and clean containers that hold standing water, such as planting containers, animal dishes and flower vases. Keep standing water containers covered between cleanings."
Dengue is an acute viral illness caused by RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae and spread by mosquitoes.
Presenting features may range from asymptomatic fever to dreaded complications such as hemorrhagic fever and shock.
A cute-onset high fever, muscle and joint pain, cutaneous rash, hemorrhagic episodes, and circulatory shock are the commonly seen symptoms.
Oral manifestations are rare in dengue infection; however, some cases may have oral features as the only presenting manifestation. Early and accurate diagnosis is critical to reduce mortality.
Although dengue virus infections are usually self-limiting, dengue infection has come up as a public health challenge in the tropical and subtropical nations.
In this article detailed overview on dengue virus infections, varied clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and prevention and treatment.
Keywords: fever, cutaneous rash, dengue virus, dental and public health, hemorrhagic, oral manifestations
INTRODUCTION
The dengue virus, a member of the genus of the family.[1,2] The World Health Organization (WHO) consider dengue as a major global public health challenge in the tropic and subtropic nations.
Dengue has seen a 30-fold upsurge worldwide between 1960 and 2010, due to increased population growth rate, global warming, unplanned urbanization, inefficient mosquito control, frequent air travel, and lack of health care facilities.
[3,4,5] Two and a half billion people reside
in dengue-endemic regions
[5] and roughly 400 million infections per year, with a mortality rate surpassing 5–20% in some areas.
[6] Dengue infection affects more than 100 countries, including Europe and the United States (USA).
[7] The first reported case of dengue like illness was in Madras in 1780, the first proved epidemic of DF in India occurred in Calcutta and Eastern Coast of India in 1963-1964.
[8] Dengue virus infection presents with a diverse clinical picture that ranges from asymptomatic illness to DF to the severe illness of dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS).
[4] Oral mucosal involvement is seen in approximately 30% of patients, although oral features are more frequently associated with DHF than with DF.[9]
Dengue virus infection exhibit varied clinical presentation, hence, accurate diagnosis is difficult and relies on laboratory confirmation. The condition is usually self-limiting and antiviral therapy is not currently available.
Supportive care with analgesics, hydration with fluid replacement, and sufficient bed rest forms the preferred management strategy.
You live or travel in tropical areas. Being in tropical and subtropical areas increases your risk of exposure to the virus that causes dengue fever. Especially high-risk areas include Southeast Asia, the western Pacific islands, Latin America and Africa.
You have had dengue fever in the past. Previous infection with a dengue fever virus increases your risk of severe symptoms if you get dengue fever again.
Complications
Severe dengue fever can cause internal bleeding and organ damage. Blood pressure can drop to dangerous levels, causing shock. In some cases, severe dengue fever can lead to death.
Women who get dengue fever during pregnancy may be able to spread the virus to the baby during childbirth. Additionally, babies of women who get dengue fever during pregnancy have a higher risk of pre-term birth, low birth weight or fetal distress.
Prevention
Vaccine
In areas of the world where dengue fever is common, one dengue fever vaccine is approved for people ages 9 to 45 who have already had dengue fever at least once.
The vaccine is given in three doses over the course of 12 months.
The vaccine is approved only for people who have a documented history of dengue fever or who have had a blood test that shows previous infection with one of the dengue viruses.
In people who have not had dengue fever in reports, the vaccine appears to increase the risk of severe dengue fever and hospitalization due to dengue fever in
Dengue virus: A global human threat:
The World Health Organization stresses that the vaccine is not an effective tool on its own to reduce dengue fever in areas where the illness is common.
Preventing mosquito bites and controlling the mosquito population are still the main methods for preventing the spread of dengue fever.
If you live in or travel to an area where dengue fever is common, these tips may help reduce your risk of mosquito bites:
Stay in air-conditioned or well-screened housing. The mosquitoes that carry the dengue viruses are most active from dawn to dusk, but they can also bite at night.
Wear protective clothing. When you go into mosquito-infested areas, wear a long-sleeved shirt, long pants, socks and shoes.
Use mosquito repellent. Permethrin can be applied to your clothing, shoes, camping gear and bed netting. You can also buy clothing made with permethrin already in it. For your skin, use a repellent containing at least a 10% concentration of DEET.
Reduce mosquito habitat. The mosquitoes that carry the dengue virus typically live in and around houses, breeding in standing water that can collect in such things as used automobile tires.
You can help lower mosquito populations by eliminating habitats where they lay their eggs. At least once a week, empty and clean containers that hold standing water, such as planting containers, animal dishes and flower vases. Keep standing water containers covered between cleanings."
Dengue is an acute viral illness caused by RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae and spread by mosquitoes.
Presenting features may range from asymptomatic fever to dreaded complications such as hemorrhagic fever and shock.
A cute-onset high fever, muscle and joint pain, cutaneous rash, hemorrhagic episodes, and circulatory shock are the commonly seen symptoms.
Oral manifestations are rare in dengue infection; however, some cases may have oral features as the only presenting manifestation. Early and accurate diagnosis is critical to reduce mortality.
Although dengue virus infections are usually self-limiting, dengue infection has come up as a public health challenge in the tropical and subtropical nations.
In this article detailed overview on dengue virus infections, varied clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and prevention and treatment.
Keywords: fever, cutaneous rash, dengue virus, dental and public health, hemorrhagic, oral manifestations
INTRODUCTION
The dengue virus, a member of the genus of the family.[1,2] The World Health Organization (WHO) consider dengue as a major global public health challenge in the tropic and subtropic nations.
Dengue has seen a 30-fold upsurge worldwide between 1960 and 2010, due to increased population growth rate, global warming, unplanned urbanization, inefficient mosquito control, frequent air travel, and lack of health care facilities.
[3,4,5] Two and a half billion people reside
in dengue-endemic regions
[5] and roughly 400 million infections per year, with a mortality rate surpassing 5–20% in some areas.
[6] Dengue infection affects more than 100 countries, including Europe and the United States (USA).
[7] The first reported case of dengue like illness was in Madras in 1780, the first proved epidemic of DF in India occurred in Calcutta and Eastern Coast of India in 1963-1964.
[8] Dengue virus infection presents with a diverse clinical picture that ranges from asymptomatic illness to DF to the severe illness of dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS).
[4] Oral mucosal involvement is seen in approximately 30% of patients, although oral features are more frequently associated with DHF than with DF.[9]
Dengue virus infection exhibit varied clinical presentation, hence, accurate diagnosis is difficult and relies on laboratory confirmation. The condition is usually self-limiting and antiviral therapy is not currently available.
Supportive care with analgesics, hydration with fluid replacement, and sufficient bed rest forms the preferred management strategy.
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